Abstract
Objective:
Curcumin, a major bioactive curcuminoid derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, is known to have anticancer potential and is still under investigation. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic mechanism(s) of curcumin against acidity-tolerant prostate cancer PC-3AcT cells in lactic acid-containing medium.
Methods:
Using 2D-monolyer and 3D spheroid culture models, MTT assay, annexin V-PE binding assay, flow cytometric analysis, measurement of ATP content, and Western blot analysis were used for this study.
Results:
At nontoxic concentrations in normal prostate epithelial RWPE-1 and HPrEC cells, curcumin led to strong cytotoxicity in PC-3AcT cells, including increases in sub-G0/G1 peak, annexin V-PE-positive cells, and ROS levels; loss of mitochondrial membrane potential; reduction of cellular ATP content; DNA damage; and concurrent induction of apoptosis and necroptosis. A series of changes induced by curcumin were effectively reversed by reducing ROS levels or replenishing ATP. Pretreatment with apoptosis inhibitor Q-VD-Oph-1 or necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 restored cell viability inhibited by curcumin. Treatment of 3D spheroids with curcumin decreased cell viability, accompanied by an increase in mediators of apoptosis and necroptosis, including cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP, phospho (p)-RIP3, and p-MLKL proteins.
Conclusion:
This study shows that curcumin simultaneously induces apoptosis and necroptosis by oxidative mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent ATP depletion, providing a mechanistic basis for understanding the novel role of curcumin for prostate carcinoma cells.
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