Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress designates a cellular response to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which is related to disease progression in the liver. Luteolin (3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a phytochemical found frequently in medicinal herbs. Although luteolin has been reported to possess the therapeutic potential to prevent diverse stage of liver diseases, its role in hepatic ER stress has not been established. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the role of luteolin in tunicamycin (Tm)-induced ER stress, and to identify the relevant mechanisms involved in its hepatoprotective effects. In hepatocyte-derived cells and primary hepatocytes, luteolin significantly decreased Tm- or thapsigargin-mediated C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression. In addition, luteolin reduced the activation of three canonical signaling pathways related to the unfolded protein response, and decreased mRNA levels of glucose-regulated protein 78, ER DNA J domain-containing protein 4, and asparagine synthetase. Luteolin also significantly upregulated sestrin 2 (SESN2), and luteolin-mediated CHOP inhibition was blocked in SESN2 (+/-) cells. Moreover, luteolin resulted in phosphorylation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as well as increased nuclear Nrf2 expression. Deletion of the antioxidant response element in the human SESN2 promoter inhibited increased luciferase activation by luteolin, suggesting that Nrf2 is a critical transcription factor for luteolin-dependent SESN2 expression. In a Tm-mediated liver injury model, luteolin decreased serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, prevented degenerative changes and apoptosis of hepatocytes, and inhibited CHOP and glucose-regulated protein 78 expression in hepatic tissues. Therefore, luteolin may be an effective phytochemical to manage ER stress-related liver injury.
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