Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a widespread and progressive chronic arterial disease that remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is generally accepted that atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease characterized by dyslipidemia and inflammation in the vessel walls. Nonpharmacological interventions to treat chronic diseases like atherosclerosis have gained considerable attention in recent years. Thymoquinone (TQ), the major bioactive constituent of Nigella sativa seeds, presents one such example of a natural therapeutic agent that has captured the attention of many researchers due to its wide array of medicinal properties, including its potent anti-atherosclerotic effects. Various in vitro and in vivo studies support the potential of TQ in ameliorating hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation, all of which are key hallmarks of atherosclerosis. However, to date, no review has been conducted to substantiate the role of TQ in preventing and/or treating atherosclerosis. This comprehensive review aims to examine recent in vitro and in vivo experimental findings reported on the potential anti-atherosclerotic effects of TQ. The roles of TQ in combatting hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation in atherosclerosis are highlighted. We also shed light on the role of TQ in preventing foam cell formation by decreasing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) availability and oxidation. Moreover, recent findings on the protective role of TQ on early markers of atherosclerosis, including homocysteinemia and endothelial dysfunction, are also underscored. Experimental evidence suggests that TQ can potentially be employed as a natural therapeutic agent with minimal side effects against the development and/or progression of atherosclerosis and its associated complications.
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