Abstract
Urolithins are metabolites produced in the gut following consumption of ellagitannins and ellagic acid rich foods such as pomegranates, nuts and certain berries. Urolithin A (UA) is one of the predominant isoforms of urolithins in humans and has demonstrated compelling biological activities, suggesting potential benefits of direct consumption of UA. However, an evaluation of the safety of direct administration of UA has not yet been published. The aim of this study was to investigate for the first time the genotoxicity, toxicokinetics, and repeated dose safety of orally administered synthetic UA in rats. The battery of genotoxicity assays demonstrated that UA is not genotoxic. The ADME study showed that glucuronidated and sulfonated forms of UA are the predominant metabolites following both oral and i.v. administration. The 28-day (0, 0.175, 1.75, and 5.0% UA mixed in diet) and 90-day studies (0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0% UA mixed in diet) showed no alterations in clinical parameters, blood chemistry, or hematology, and did not indicate any target organs, or any specific toxic mechanisms. The NOAEL was the highest dose tested, 5% UA by weight in the diet, or 3451 mg/kg bw/day in males and 3826 mg/kg bw/day in females in the 90-day oral study.
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